Chunking psychology Wikipedia. This article is about chunking as a memory task. For chunking as a method for solving division, see Chunking division. Chunking in psychology is a process by which individual pieces of information are bound together into a meaningful whole Neath Surprenant, 2. A chunk is defined as a familiar collection of more elementary units that have been inter associated and stored in memory repeatedly and act as a coherent, integrated group when retrieved Tulving Craik, 2. It is believed that individuals create higher order cognitive representations of the items on the list that are more easily remembered as a group than as individual items themselves. Representations of these groupings are highly subjective, as they depend critically on the individuals perception of the features of the items and the individuals semantic network. The size of the chunks generally ranges anywhere from two to six items, but differs based on language and culture. The phenomenon of chunking as a memory mechanism can be observed in the way individuals group numbers and information in the day to day life. Serial Processing Psychology' title='Serial Processing Psychology' />For example, when recalling a number such as 1. Similarly, another illustration of the limited capacity of working memory as suggested by George Miller can be seen from the following example While recalling a mobile phone number such as 9. Thus, instead of remembering 1. A modality effect is present in chunking. That is, the mechanism used to convey the list of items to the individual affects how much chunking occurs. Experimentally, it has been found that auditory presentation results in a larger amount of grouping in the responses of individuals, as compared to visual presentation. Previous literature, such as George Millers The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information 1. As stated above, the grouping of the responses occurs as individuals place them into categories according to their inter relatedness based on semantic and perceptual properties. Lindley 1. 96. 6 showed that the groups produced have meaning to the participant, therefore this strategy makes it easier for an individual to recall and maintain information in memory during studies and testing. Therefore, when chunking is used as a strategy, one can expect a higher proportion of correct recalls. Various kinds of memory training systems and mnemonics include training and drill in specially designed recoding or chunking schemes. Such systems existed before Millers paper, but there was no convenient term to describe the general strategy or substantive and reliable research. The term chunking is now often used in reference to these systems. As an illustration, patients with Alzheimers disease typically experience working memory deficits chunking is an effective method to improve patients verbal working memory performance Huntley, Bor, Hampshire, Owen, Howard, 2. Another classic example of chunking is discussed in the Expertise and skill memory effects section below. Magic number seveneditThe word chunking comes from a famous 1. George A. Miller, The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information Neisser, 1. At a time when information theory was beginning to be applied in psychology, Miller observed that some human cognitive tasks fit the model of a channel capacity characterized by a roughly constant capacity in bits, but short term memory did not. A variety of studies could be summarized by saying that short term memory had a capacity of about seven plus or minus two chunks. Miller 1. 95. 6 wrote, With binary items the span is about nine and, although it drops to about five with monosyllabic English words, the difference is far less than the hypothesis of constant information would require see also, memory span. The span of immediate memory seems to be almost independent of the number of bits per chunk, at least over the range that has been examined to date. Miller acknowledged that we are not very definite about what constitutes a chunk of information. Miller 1. A man just beginning to learn radio telegraphic code hears each dit and dah as a separate chunk. Soon he is able to organize these sounds into letters and then he can deal with the letters as chunks. Then the letters organize themselves as words, which are still larger chunks, and he begins to hear whole phrases. Thus, a telegrapher can effectively remember several dozen dits and dahs as a single phrase. Naive subjects can remember about only nine binary items, but Miller reports a 1. With sufficient drill, people found it possible to remember as many as forty binary digits. Miller wrote It is a little dramatic to watch a person get 4. However, if you think of this merely as a mnemonic trick for extending the memory span, you will miss the more important point that is implicit in nearly all such mnemonic devices. The point is that recoding is an extremely powerful weapon for increasing the amount of information that we can deal with. Expertise and skilled memory effectseditStudies have shown that people have better memories when they are trying to remember items with which they are familiar. Similarly, people tend to create chunks with which they are familiar. Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators Enthusiasts. Find psychology articles, student resources and learn about the theories and perspectives that. This familiarity allows them to remember more individual pieces of content, and also more chunks as a whole. One well known chunking study was conducted by Chase and Ericsson, who worked with an undergraduate student, SF, over two years. Chase and Ericsson wanted to see if a persons digit span could be improved with practice. SF began the experiment with a normal span of 7 digits. SF was a long distance runner, and chunking strings of digits into race times increased his digit span. By the end of the experiment his digit span had grown to 8. The book The Brain Targeted Teaching Model for 2. Screen%20shot%202013-04-16%20at%2010.33.12%20AM.jpg' alt='Serial Processing Psychology' title='Serial Processing Psychology' />Century Schools 2. SF later expanded his strategy by incorporating ages and years, but his chunks were always familiar, and thus allowed him to recall the to be remembered chunks more easily. It is important to note that a person who does not have knowledge in the expert domain e. Chunking in motor learningeditChunking is a flexible way of learning. Karl Lashley, in his classic paper on serial order Lashley, 1. This was demonstrated in motor control by Rosenbaum et al. Thus sequences can consist of sub sequences and these can in turn consist of sub sub sequences. Hierarchical representations of sequences have an edge over linear representations. They combine efficient local action at low hierarchical levels while maintaining the guidance of an overall structure. Cartoon Wars 2 Heroes Download Ipa here. While the representation of a linear sequence is simple from storage point of view, there can be potential problems during retrieval. For instance, if there is a break in the sequence chain, subsequent elements will become inaccessible. On the other hand, a hierarchical representation would have multiple levels of representation. Top-down-bottom-up-processing-1-1024x540.png' alt='Serial Processing Psychology' title='Serial Processing Psychology' />Your mind is a fascinating thing. See how many of these 25 things psychology tells you about yourself are true. Attention In psychology, the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli. Attention is awareness of the here and now in a focal. A break in the link between lower level nodes does not render any part of the sequence inaccessible, since the control nodes chunk nodes at the higher level would still be able to facilitate access to the lower level nodes. Poly Bridge ??? ??? ? on this page. Chunks in motor learning are identified by pauses between successive actions Terrace, 2. He also suggested that during the sequence performance stage after learning, participants download list items as chunks during pauses. AP Psychology Review Flashcards Quizlet. A comprehensive review of terminology for AP Psychology. Definitions are for triggering other information. Pulled from other lists. CNS depressant in most cultures its use affects mood, judgment, cognitiondescription of the action of neurons when firingseen when an individual is in a relaxed, unfocused, yet still awake statelimbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger. Freuds pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretionsan eating disorder in which one starves oneself even though significantly underweightdrug which blocks the activity of neurotransmittersloss of memory for events that occur after the onset of the amnesia eg, see in a boxer who suffers a severe blow to the head and loses memory for events after the blowloss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia eg a soldiers forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring himantisocial personality disorderpsychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of consciencethe middle of the three ossiclesimpairment of language usually caused by damage to the left hemispherecondition in which the sympathetic nervous system is in controla subdiscipline of computer science that attempts to simulate human thinkinginterpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemaareas of the cerebral cortex which have no specific motor or sensory repsonsibilities, but rather are involved in thinking, memory and judgmentlearning in which an organism learns that certain events occur together, such as my cat knowing that she will be fed when I get home from worktheory developed by Harlow types include secure and insecurea relatively enduring evaluation of a person or thing Asch demonstrated that this doesnt always match ones behaviorfeeling of being drawn toward another and desiring the company of a persona way of explaining others behavior by either ones disposition or ones situationthe area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrumstyle of parenting in which the parent creates strict rules for the child and the child has little or no input into determining the rulesdivision of the nervous system that control the glands and organs its divisions arouse or calmautonomy vs. Eriksons stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently failure to do so causes shame and doubtthis cognitive shortcut features the idea that events which are vividly in memory seem to be more commonextension of the neuron which carries, via an action potential, information that will be sent on to other neurons, muscles or glandsstage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense soundsscientific investigations intended to expand the knowledge basescientific investigations intended to solve practical problemsperspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental statessituation in which ones beliefs continue despite the fact that the ground for the beliefs have been discreditedbig 5 personality factorsopenness to new experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticismretinal disparity and convergence which enable people to determine depth using both eyesperspective that stresses links between biology and behavioreye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cellsmood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodespoint in the retinal where the optic nerve leaves the retina so there are no rods or cones thereanalysis that begins with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brains integration of sensory informationwe have two, right and left, and some brain functions seem to centered in one or the otheroldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells upon entering the skull controls fundamental survival processes like heartrate and breathingeating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purgingthe tendency to not offer help when needed if others are present who do not offer helptheory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously psyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotionscientific investigation in which a single subject is studied in great detaila method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomographya form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not moverelease of aggressive energy through activity or fantasyconsists of the brain and the spinal cordbrain structure that controls well learned motor activities like riding a bikethe fabric of interconnecting cells that blankets the brain hemispheres the brains center for information processing and controlusing operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skillsorganizing units of information into manageable units such as memorizing a phone number as three groups of information 2. Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regardthis type of psychologist studies, assesses and treats those with psychological disordersthis coiled structure in the inner ear is fluid filled and in it the energy from sound waves stimulate hair cellscognitive dissonance theorythis says that we will suffer discomfort and act to change the situation when our thoughts and actions seem to be inconsistentperspective on psychology that stresses the importance of mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, etctreatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self defeating thinking. Jungs theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our cultures most basic elementsa variety of disorders marked by inability to distinguish some or all colorsthis adjective describes cultures in which the individual is less important than the group. Piagets stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations about 7 1.